Earlier this month our CTO, Rafael Alvarez, informed us: "We’ve already finished the synthesis of the GDPR standard in Rules."
What does that mean?
As Danilo Vásquez —Security Analyst at Fluid Attacks— explained to us, different GDPR requirements, all of which were considered suitable, became technical requirements for our company. That is, they were incorporated into Rules.
Let’s clear this up:
Rules was born in 2009 (inspired by Common Criteria) from the combination of knowledge and "experience in the field of computer security with various international standards related to this topic," according to Oscar Prado —Cybersecurity Analyst - Releaser at Fluid Attacks.
Rules can be defined —following Danilo— as "a compendium of requirements based on the existing security standards." Not all general security standards have been covered at this time. Not all of our requirements are linked to at least one of those standards we have. But these are things we intend to achieve in the near future.
The technical requirements, apart from those that may be "out-of-scope," are linked to what is verifiable through a technical process in a system. They are those that can be evaluated with DAST, SAST or SCA.
The out-of-scope security requirements, which may focus, for example, on security training and documentation, in contrast, can only be verified by audits. And although they are not technical, as Oscar says, "they play a key role in a security test. For example, the lack of training of an employee can allow a phishing attack to take place." Even some of them may later become technical requirements.
The requirements that we have in Rules have kept a consistent and simple language, easy to understand. They allow clients to delimit a pentesting or an ethical hacking process. The delimitation will depend on what each client wants to test and on the concepts of risk and vulnerability that they handle. The requirements that are chosen determine the stringency and extent of pentesting, thus establishing conditions for vulnerability management.
Hackers have in Rules, as Paula Vélez, Security Architect at Fluid Attacks suggests, "a performance guide, because if a requirement is not being satisfied, that means there is a vulnerability to be reported." Hacking is made easier; time and effort are saved if the requirements are found in a single set or single source.
Likewise, clients save time thanks to Rules, as they don’t have to resort to a multiplicity of standards that fit their security needs. In Rules, we synthesize, and we handle homogeneity of expression no matter the diversity of origins of the base standards.
Rules, as a whole, ends up presenting good practices not only to developers and configurators of products and systems but also to other members of the organizations that can influence their security. The requirements serve as a guide from the beginning or in full flow. They serve to prevent the manifestation or recognize the presence of security gaps —all this independently of the technology that is being used.
So, we know that many of our requirements are already associated with one or more reputable standards. But what are these standards that currently serve us as references? Let’s finish this blog post by mentioning them.
Standards
Figure 1. Photo by Mathieu Perrier on Unsplash
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Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, enacted by the United States Congress in 1996. As we found in a guide, this legislation was created, among other objectives, for the modernization of the flow of healthcare information. Besides, it was for the stipulation of how the PII (Personally Identifiable Information), within the healthcare context, should be protected by industries to avoid theft and fraud. The HIPAA comprises five essential rules, each with different requirements. These rules are: 1) HIPAA Privacy Rule, 2) HIPAA Security Rule, 3) Breach Notification Rule, 4) Omnibus Rule, and 5) Enforcement Rule.
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The Application Security Verification Standard is a project from the Open Web Application Security Project (OWASP), an online community for the production of freely-available material in the field of web app security. ASVS, as we can see on its website, "provides a basis for testing web application technical security controls." It also provides developers with requirements oriented to secure development, protecting from vulnerabilities in web apps. These requirements can also be used by anyone who wants to build and test secure apps.
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Common Weakness Enumeration, as we found on its website, "is a community-developed list of common software and hardware security weaknesses." The CWE list serves as a support, with a common language, for the identification of vulnerabilities. Such identification is essential for their subsequent reduction or repair, and also for prevention. The CWE has an orientation towards the communities of development and security professionals. It seeks to help ensure that weaknesses in software and hardware are remediated before the delivery of products, or that they are prevented to avoid putting organizations at risk.
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The National Institute of Standards and Technology, from the United States, has been active for more than a century. NIST provides different measurements, standards, and technologies to support a variety of scientifically based, human-made products and services, regardless of their size and complexity. Inside NIST is the Information Technology Laboratory (ITL), and linked to it is the National Vulnerability Database (NVD). The NVD, created in 2000, "is the U.S. government repository of standards based vulnerability management data represented using the Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP). This data enables automation of vulnerability management, security measurement, and compliance.” At Fluid Attacks, we are mainly interested in the NIST Special Publication 800-53 (Revision 4). It is a database associated with security and privacy controls for federal information systems and organizations.
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Building Security In Maturity Model, as expressed on its website, "is a study of existing software security initiatives ." It quantifies the security practices of many organizations and describes a common ground and variations. It is a data-driven model resulting from the analysis of those initiatives or "_application/product security programs" to face the challenge of securing the software. BSIMM's descriptive model has evolved in line with advances in the field of security. It has also grown by collecting and analyzing new data from new companies and those with maturing programs. At Fluid Attacks, we use its ninth iteration.
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General Data Protection Regulation is a set of rules within the European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA) about data protection and privacy. These rules also address the collection, storage, and transfer of data from European subjects outside those areas. The GDPR enables the unification of international regulations for organizations processing personal data of European citizens. It also aims to give individuals more control over their personal information and its treatment. Companies are required to apply data protection principles (using those strictly necessary) in processing activities and business practices from the initial stages.
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